INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING
Dr Robert Sanderson
New Mexico State University
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Introduction
Remote sensing can be broadly defined as the collection and interpretation of information about an object, area, or event without being in physical contact with the object. Aircraft and satellites are the common platforms for remote sensing of the earth and its natural resources.
Aerial photography in the visible portion of the electromagnetic wavelength was the original form of remote sensing but technological developments has enabled the acquisition of information at other wavelengths including near infrared, thermal infrared and microwave. Collection of information over a large numbers of wavelength bands is referred to as multispectral or hyper spectral data. The development and deployment of manned and unmanned satellites has enhanced the collection of remotely sensed data and offers an inexpensive way to obtain information over large areas.
A sensor is a device that measures and records electromagnetic energy. Sensors can be divided into two groups. Passive sensors depend on an external source of energy, usually the sun.
The capacity of remote sensing to identify and monitor land surfaces and environmental conditions has expanded greatly over the last few years and remotely sensed data will be an essential tool in natural resource management.
The most common passive sensor is the photographic camera. Active sensors have their own source of energy, an example would be a radar gun. These sensors send out a signal and measure the amount reflected back. Active sensors are more controlled because they do not depend upon varying illumination conditions.
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Table of Contents
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هذا الكتاب مفيد جداً لمواد 361 همس و 422 همس و 461 همس ومواد أخرى
Introduction..............................................................................................................1
Electromagnetic energy ..........................................................................................1
Reflection and absorption .......................................................................................2
Sensors and platforms .............................................................................................3
Passive sensors........................................................................................................3
Active sensors .........................................................................................................3
Orbits and swaths.....................................................................................................3
Sensor characteristics...............................................................................................4
Spatial resolution ...................................................................................................4
Temporal resolution................................................................................................4
Spectral resolution ..................................................................................................5
Platforms .................................................................................................................6
Common satellites..................................................................................................10
Spectral signatures of natural and human-made materials ....................................11
Spectral reflectance signature ................................................................................11
Geodesy, geodetic datum and map projections.....................................................13
Flat earth vs curved earth.......................................................................................14
Sea level and the composition of the earth’s interior.............................................14
Types of geodic datum...........................................................................................14
Datum and GIS ......................................................................................................15
Map projection coordinates....................................................................................15
Universal Transverse Mercator..............................................................................15
Global Positioning Systems ..................................................................................16
Geographic Information Systems .........................................................................17
Pixel, images and colors .......................................................................................19
Color composite images.........................................................................................19
False color composite ............................................................................................19
Natural color composite.........................................................................................20
Image processing and analysis...............................................................................21
Digitizing of images...............................................................................................21
Image enhancement ...............................................................................................22
Image classification ...............................................................................................22
Image interpretation ..............................................................................................23
Vegetation indices..................................................................................................23
Current applications of remote sensing..................................................................25
Forestry..................................................................................................................25
Greenhouse gases...................................................................................................25
Vegetation health ...................................................................................................25
Biodiversity............................................................................................................26
Change detection....................................................................................................26
Geology..................................................................................................................26
Land degradation ...................................................................................................26
Oceanography ........................................................................................................27
Meteorology...........................................................................................................27
On-line tutorials .....................................................................................................27
Glossary .................................................................................................................28
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